Health: May 2009

And against the recurrence of schizophrenia

High relapse rate of schizophrenia has become the focus of World Health. Due to the characteristics of the disease, schizophrenia is a chronic recurrent persistent disease, the disease easily repeated. Each may lead to relapse in patients with permanent brain damage, impaired cognitive function, a further decline in social function; for the families of patients, relapse of the disease means that the deterioration of their loved ones and a series of mandatory in-patient treatment, must assume a greater the financial burden and emotional pressure; for medical workers, the treatment of recurrence will increase the difficulty and, ultimately, the prognosis is not ideal. Therefore effective in preventing relapse of schizophrenia has become an urgent need to solve.
June 17 in organizing the "ADHES China found that" the whole country to start the meeting, the Chinese Medical Association chairman of psychiatry credits will be announced the launch of Professor Zhou Dongfeng schizophrenic patients for risk factors for relapse and hospitalization investigation. Professor Zhou also introduced: "the treatment of patients with schizophrenia or in part from the non-compliance leading to relapse and re-hospitalization in patients with the most important factor. Today is the attempt to start the investigation of multiple factors of non-compliance found in the importance of different factors the extent of the effect of better treatment for active exploration. "
Lead to frequent recurrence of mental illness is one of the root causes of medication in patients with poor compliance. The so-called compliance refers to the degree of patient compliance with doctor's advice. Professor He Yanling today, so read at the first national survey of schizophrenia outpatients compliance results: "At present, the treatment of patients with schizophrenia is still far from satisfactory compliance, at least about 3 in patients with schizophrenia into compliance issue. patients, family groups, 30% of the respondents admitted that the course of treatment has its own drug, by drug or refuse medication; investigation group from the number of doctors is even more pessimistic, doctors believe that patients themselves are the drug , by drugs or refuse medication, and a quarter of the patients had forgotten medication.
The findings of the outpatients also confirmed that there are still 38% of patients worried about side effects of drug withdrawal, 20% of patients with physical handicaps as a result of drug treatment.
Schizophrenia treatment to improve compliance and help patients return to society a long-term drug therapy in patients with schizophrenia may make the treatment of loss of confidence. Frequent leakage of drugs will inevitably lead to disease recurrence, and even had deteriorated once again hospitalized. When patients relapse after several times, each cycle of the disease will be needed to restore a longer period of time, the effect of antipsychotics will also be reduced, over time, gradually increase the difficulty of treatment.
Compliance with drug treatment of schizophrenia is the key to the success of one of the factors, so through various efforts to improve patient compliance is very important for the treatment of schizophrenia.
The experts agreed that: "The development and application of new drugs is to improve the treatment compliance of the most effective way." With the new type of atypical neuroleptic drugs have come out better in terms of curative effects, but also to improve the traditional drug prone to the stiffness, slow movement, trembling, drooling, such as adverse reactions, but the patient's compliance has not been clear improvement. Research has demonstrated that oral administration of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of 18-month interruption of 75%.
Means in the treatment of atypical neuroleptic drugs has been a long-acting injection for doctors, patients with new solutions. The new long-acting injection "Hengde" adopted "Medisorb microspheres technology" to make active pharmaceutical ingredients break down in the body, stable and sustainable, continuing to play a pharmacodynamics two weeks, and completely decomposed into water and carbon dioxide metabolism in vitro sent, relatively safe. As a new generation of long-acting antipsychotics, "EVER" to ensure stable and sustainable delivery of drugs that can effectively improve the patient's medication compliance, protection of vulnerable patients with recurrence of the impact from the effect of interruption; "Hengde" so that doctors can more easy to monitor the progress of the disease, and patients and medical team to promote regular contacts. A new generation of long-acting injection injection "Ever", for example, and application is an important milestone in the treatment of schizophrenia.
On the other hand, new treatment modalities to help patients and their families are also in the course of treatment to be more support and encouragement of community mental illness treatment modalities for patients with schizophrenia to provide a comprehensive and thoughtful services, referral of patients with periodic reminders to help patients have a more independent and free life, enhance self-confidence and self-esteem, and eventually return to society, in order to create the value of the family and society.
"We have no reason to because they feel does not match the real world and blame them, because they feel is very real to them, we have no reason not to help them, because they can not distinguish between the self." To help patients through the treatment, restore social functions return to the spirit of community has become a new therapeutic target specialists.

schizophrenia

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What is schizophrenia schizophrenia (schizophrenia) is a basic change in personality, thinking, emotion and behavior of the split, the spirit of co-ordination of activities and the environment as the main characteristics of a class of the most common mental illness. Schizophrenia is the most common mental illness in a group of mentally ill, the United States six survey areas, the annual incidence rate was 0.43 ‰ ~ 0.69 ‰, 15-year-old more than 0.30 ‰ ~ 1.20 ‰ (Babigian, 1975), China in some areas to 0.09 ‰, in accordance with international pilot survey of schizophrenia (IPSS) data, 18 countries, 20 centers, which lasted more than 20 years to investigate more than 3,000 of the investigation report, the general population in the annual incidence of schizophrenia in the 0.2 ‰ ~ 0.6 ‰, averaging 0.3 ‰ (Shinfuku, 1992 years).
Schizophrenia has so far unknown etiology, occurs in young and middle-aged, multi-in 16 ~ 40 years old, no organic change, as a function of mental illness, the patients are generally unconscious barriers and intelligent, but the attack not only affect my ability to work, and their families and the community also have an impact, should be of concern from all walks of life. A friend who helped her friends home Gulou bell around consultation, through a period of conditioning, many turn for the better.
Schizophrenia more protracted course and development were carried out, such as early detection should be given reasonable treatment, the majority of patients with a more optimistic prognosis, a small number of patients as a result of timely treatment, unreasonable delay in the diagnosis and treatment of waste, so that the slow progress of the disease, treatment and even lost the opportunity to suffer from mental decline, as a mental disability. Shanghai (1978) for 1957 and discharged in 1959 ~ 1200 cases of schizophrenia have been discharged from hospital 20 years of follow-up, there are four types of outcome: are clinical recovery were 25%; marked improvement in the level of 33%; the spirit of the symptoms still exist, since no known, but some of those who work 25%; the situation worse, including a recession were 16%, treatment should be as early as possible in order to good effect.
Overview of mental illness schizophrenia seriously affect people's physical and mental health burden to society, the impact of socio-economic development.
March 8, 2001, Jiang Zemin, general secretary of the World Health Organization Director-General in his letter, Dr Brundtland pointed out the need to "mobilize the whole society, and strive for the reintegration of patients with mental disorders to create a suitable environment."
April 7 the same year, Chinese Vice Premier said: "Mental health is the people's physical and mental health and an integral part of the work of good mental health is not only related to the physical and mental health of millions of people, but also to social stability and people's lives and property safety, and socio-economic development is also important. "
Each year is the October 10 World Mental Health Day, the Ministry of Health in 2002 slogan is: "Mental Health: From the beginning to understand."
We hope that this section you can promote mental health awareness, such as attention to physical health, the importance of mental health, with particular emphasis on the understanding of schizophrenia and understanding of the disease.
How to recognize the early symptoms of schizophrenia?
Recognize the early symptoms of schizophrenia is very important early detection can be treated early. Before the onset of acute disease are hard to find or non-existent early symptoms. Most patients are under no incentive to slow onset, Aberdeen tenant can be found observing and analyzing the general following are some of the early psychiatric symptoms:
Sleep changes: a gradual or sudden and made it difficult to sleep, or sleep is not easy to awaken a deep nightmares all night, or sleep too much.
Emotional changes: emotional turns cold and lost the enthusiasm of the past, do not care for their loved ones, feelings of lack of proper communication and alienating friends around things are not interested in, or small things and lose my temper, inexplicably sad or happy tears, etc. .
Abnormal behavior: behavior became eccentric, mysterious, or difficult to understand, likes solitude, not intended to chase the opposite sex, shameless, himself from laughing, living lazy, fat blank stare blankly,蒙头大睡, wandering out at night and so do not go home .
Sensitive paranoia: to what are very sensitive to some of the surrounding matter and his common link that is against him. If other people in conversation that he is in discussions; others see him occasionally and thinks that it is ill. Some even think that radio, television, newspapers and his content, and see how the wind blows, the attention of other people's every move, and some think that it was vital he did not dare to drink water, eat, sleep, and some of his wife's infidelity that carried out跟踪.
Personality change: the original and lively, cheerful, hospitable people, the phrase has become less silent, sitting alone thinking about the problem may not with people; always clean people become slovenly, lazy life, discipline, relaxation, do not focus concentration; original tread compliance from people who become regular late, leave early, cause absenteeism, sloppy work, indifference to criticism; the original savings through thrift and hard work, and become profligate waste, have been very interested in not interested in such things.
Abnormal language: conversation topic with its small, simple statement, the contents of monotonous speech or the content of the lack of center, said in his speech had nothing to do with the content of conversation, people can not understand, easy to talk or feel ridiculous, or himself, repeat the same content repeatedly.
Divorced from reality, indulge in fantasy, and a "pipe dream."

Vascular Migraine

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Vascular migraine (migraine for short) is a common one of the acute headache, seizures due to vasomotor dysfunction of certain body fluids as well as temporary physical pain caused by change. The cause is not that often a family history, and mostly female. Its clinical manifestations are: pre-attack visual hallucination hallucinations, brain function, such as short-term偏盲obstacles, following the positive side of headache, Bo mobility drill for pain, tingling or dull pain. When accompanied by severe dizziness, sweating, nausea and vomiting, palpitations, constipation等症which lasted about a few hours. Recurrence interval in general a few weeks, cyclical attacks.
Also known as Chinese medicine for the disease or migraine偏头wind, more due to liver depression and chemical weathering of fire through the liver and gallbladder of the walking surface, as caused by. Acupuncture treatment of migraine have a longer history and better results. Continuous screening of clinical comparison, over the past decade, the election method to stimulate the points and have proven experience in many摸索到. Application of general propositions through traditional acupuncture points, Bloodletting and Cupping is also a good analgesic effect. There are methods of embedding the use of acupuncture points, and achieved some success. Specific point in the election and operation practices, it was in immediate pain relief as an index, by contrast observed that migraine points to a better local elections, while a gas after the acupuncture needle to the needle quickly twist the strong sense of the needle, and its efficacy is superior to 20 minutes left needle [1]. At present, acupuncture is effective in migraine (pain rate) more than 90%. Comparison of the efficacy of the consolidation, a small number of after-effect has been repeated cases, further treatment may be effective.
Sometimes as a result of a headache for some serious performance or prominent early symptoms, therefore, should be used for pre-treatment system checks. The acupuncture treatment only on the basis of subjective and objective basis to make even a preliminary diagnosis, emergency treatment should be considered.
【Treatment】
Body acupuncture (one)
(A) Selection
Main Point: Wind screen, no bone.
(B) Treatment
Get 1 point each time, no significant effect can be taken with the two points. Yifeng acupuncture points: the local disinfection, the right hand holding the needle along the mandibular angle between the needle and the mastoid, deep to the contralateral mastoid 1.5 ~ 2-inch thorns, mainly in combination contortus to plug, so that a sense pin (multi - for the acid, Ma, heavy, bulging) or the base of the tongue to the throat of radiation. Obvious sense of the needle may pass in order to electro-acupuncture device, continuous-wave stimulation. No bone needle hole: 2-inch needle around to mentioning contortus combination of a small plug, so that a sense of upward conduction needle. Needles were left for 20 minutes. 1 or 2 times a day.
(C) Evaluation
A total of 188 cases of governance, and the total efficiency of between 81.5 ~ 97.3% [9,10].
Body acupuncture (bis)
(A) Selection
Main points: divided into two groups. 1, hanging skull (or the sun) through the rate of canyon; 2, Huatuo Jiaji 5,7,9,11,14.
Point allocation: the wind pool, Taichong, Kinmen, and in the bank, shoulders well,合谷.
(B) Treatment
Every time a group of the main temple, the turn-round use, with point酌加1 to 2 points (the wind pool will be used). Suspended skull (or the sun) through the rate of Valley law: 3-inch to 28 cents needles hanging from the skull temple piercing point or to the rate of needle Valley contortus direction (into the temple can be 1.0 ~ 1.5 inch, a gas back to skin, further penetration), about 1.5 to about 2.5 inch using contortus to add a small plug of law, Yun-pin 1 to 2 minutes, leaving the needle. Huatuo Jiaji needle: the needle to the vertebral body, the needle body and the skin was 75-degree angle, away from the ridge in the middle lane 7 sub-offices piercing 1.5 ~ 2 inch, resulting in a strong sense of the needle, the needle above the law shipped 1 ~ 2 minutes left needle. Feng-chi point, the needle to the piercing of the inner canthal look deep by 1.5 inches around, carefully searching for, so that the needle with the flu spread to the temporal侧头, the above method Yun-pin 1 to 2 minutes left needle. Acupuncture points more than similar to the above. Generally only check the first side face point, other parts of the desirability of both sides. Stimulus intensity, Taichong to use the strong stimulation points are used in more than strong stimulation. Acupuncture points are all to stay for 30 minutes, every 10 minutes and transported the needle 1.
(C). Evaluation
A total of 231 cases observed, the total effective rate in 93.5 ~ 95.7% [2 ~ 5].
Point implant
(A) Selection
The main point: the sun, the first dimension, Yintang, the wind pool, the Arab-Israeli is the point,合谷, Zusanli.
Arab-Israeli position is the point: the pain point.
(B) Treatment
Each choice of 2 or 3 points. Ordinary intravenous injection of 8 or 9 needles for casing, 1.5-inch needle for needle core cents. 0.2-centimeter-long 4 / 0 catgut No. soak and disinfect the needle into the hole. Shi surgery, the doctor left the skin tension around the green, right hand holding the needle, quickly penetrate, to a certain depth, the light has to be inserted contortus mention a sense of酸胀that catgut implantation, small piece of sterile gauze with paste Pinhole enough. 7 ~ 10 days of treatment 1.
(C) Evaluation
Efficacy criteria: 1, markedly: the disappearance of headache and a variety of symptoms, 1 year, no recurrence; 2, effective: headache disappeared or significantly reduced, but there are still attacks a year (the number of reduced or less); 3, null and void: before and after treatment no change in symptoms.
Observed a total of 65 cases were cured 50 cases (76.9%), effective 11 cases (16.9%), total effective rate of 93.8%. And most of them in 2 or 3 times that found in symptom improvement [6].
Gill blood
(A) Selection
The main point: the sun.
Distribution Point: Taichong, Yintang.
(B) Treatment
Mainly to the main points, with points from poor efficiency. Sun, Yintang are三棱针prick, pierce the vein, blood cupping only 2 to 3 minutes. Taichong acupuncture, sit-point selection, a significant frequency after gas contortus to plug, the needle 3 to 5 minutes, leaving the needle 15 to 30 minutes. 1st day or the next day.
(C) Evaluation
Treatment of 50 cases of intractable headache, 88% efficient [7].
Auricular
(A) Selection
The main point: the amount of sun, pillows, Shenmen.
Distribution points: neck, heart, liver,耳尖, round 6.
(B) Treatment
Main points to the main point酌加with each election 4 to 5 points. Acute stage, in which 2 or 3 points to三棱针bleeding. Balance Point Acupuncture cents after the instrument connected to electro-acupuncture, the use of density waves, electrical stimulation of 15 ~ 20 minutes. Re-treatment day 1, day 1 in general.
(C) Evaluation
By observation, ear migraine only have good results. There experiments confirmed that the ear has adjusted cerebral blood flow and thus the role of pain relief [8].
Acupoint laser irradiation
(A) Selection
The main point: the sun, Yintang, save Penny, the rate of valley, is the Arab-Israeli points (pain points), after the River.
Point allocation: the stars, the first dimension, Baihui, Ya door, the wind pool, outside the customs Zusanli listed missing, Yongquan.
(B) Treatment
Mainly to the main temple, with酌加points each from 5 to 6 points. With He-Ne laser irradiation therapeutic apparatus. 6328 Egypt wavelength, beam diameter of 5 mm, fiber optic terminal ≥ 5 mW output power, power density of 25.48 mW / cm2, fiber transmission using single-crystal quartz beam direct exposure points,每穴3 minutes. 1 day, 10 times for 1 course of treatment, treatment interval 5 ~ 7.
(C) Evaluation
A total of 150 cases of governance, the results of 129 cases treated, 15 cases markedly effective in 6 cases, total effective rate was 100% [11].
Ear gill blood
(A) Selection
The main point: behind on the 1 / 3 near the Department show the vascular suggestible.
(B) Treatment
Affected more than just access, such as bilateral headache or headache-wide, and the desirability of bilateral Ear. Patients taking the seat, thumb and index finger surgery in order to be stabbed in the ear of local轻揉moment to congestive heart, blood vessels exposed in general can be seen three to the middle of a thorn for the best part of the blood, conventional disinfection with rapid三棱针punctured blood vessel and bled about 5 milliliters. Blood vessels can be punctured, the term artesian blood. Hemorrhage poor, should be squeezed light increases; bleeding than with a sterile gauze to stop bleeding compression. 15 Treatment of 1, 5 times for a course of treatment.
(C) Evaluation
A total of 120 cases of treatment, as a result, the basic recovery (symptoms disappeared within one year of non-attack) in 74 cases; markedly (basic disappearance of symptoms, sometimes within one year of onset) of 32 cases; effective (to reduce symptoms, but there are still attacks), 9; 5 cases ineffective. The total effective rate was 95.8% [12]. This mainly for the treatment of vascular migraine.
Acupoint Injection
(A) Selection
The main point: the Arab-Israeli is the point, the wind pool.
Arab-Israeli position is the point: Feng-chi point 5 hours straight.
(B) Treatment
Solution: vitamin B12 (content of 0.5 mg / ml). Such as the bilateral injection of 1 ml water for injection.
Only 1 point each time points can be fixed to select can be used interchangeably. Afghanistan is the point when the pressure pain was ipsilateral to the conduction目眶or forehead. Dental needle on the 5th to inhalation liquid, piercing points to a酸胀, the rapid injection of 1 day or the next day, 3 times for a course of treatment.
(C) Evaluation
More than 286 cases of cohabitation law, the results of 205 cases of full recovery, 24 cases markedly effective, effective 49 cases, 8 cases ineffective, the total effective rate was 97.2% [13,14].
Eye acupuncture and scalp acupuncture
(A) Selection
Main points: the focal area, sensory area (on the 1 / 5, under 1 / 5), vasomotor area (on the 1 / 5).
Point allocation: adequate sense of district transportation.
(B) Treatment
Before the eye of a needle point, both are taken. 5 nickels and dimes from the orbital margin of the needle in the Foreign Office, 2, left clockwise, counterclockwise right to cross-刺进subcutaneous needle, the needle was left after the gas 15 to 20 minutes, and are no way. Following the needle hole, 2-inch by 1.5 cents down from the needle piercing the scalp under the sub-fast, and then to> 150 times / min the frequency of rapid and sustained contortus hands three minutes, every 10 minutes, repeat 1, a total of 3 times . 1st day on the law, 10 times as a course of treatment, treatment on the 3rd interval.
(C) Evaluation
More than 124 cases of law rule in patients with migraine, the results of 66 cases cured, 44 cases of effective and ineffective in 4 cases, total effective rate of 96.8% [15,18].
Buried the needle points
(A) Selection
Main points: divided into 2 groups. 1, the sun, the first dimension; 2, the temporal front, after the temporal line (the first point).
Point allocation: the stars, Baihui.
(B) Treatment
Take only 1 point can be fixed to select can be used interchangeably. Group 1 intradermal needle-shaped grain, conventional disinfection after intradermal needle forceps gripping handle, so that the needle body and the meridians to vertical, horizontal along the barbed leather 0.5 ~ 1.5 cm, with plastic sheets fixed (with hair are advised to剃去), disease-pin light to stay 1 or 2 days, re-2 ~ 4. Group 2 general 2 cents to 2.5-inch needle to the thumb, holding the needle handle food, fast along the horizontal barbed leather, according to the provisions of the direction of the needle into the 1.5 ~ 2 inch, the needle handle fixed on the scalp, leaving the needle 24 to 48 hours or more to pain only after the needle.

Vascular Migraine

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What is herpes zoster, shingles symptoms

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By the varicella-zoster - zoster virus, the virus generally hidden in the spinal cord dorsal root neurons. When the lower body resistance or fatigue, infection, tumor patients, the virus can re-growth and reproduction, and move along nerve fibers in the skin, so that violations have severe nerve and skin inflammation. Rash are generally based on unilateral and segmental distribution of nerve points, by the cluster component of herpes accompanied by pain. Grow older, the more severe neuralgia.
Symptoms: herpes zoster pain is not light, there is itching, or erythema and no apparent only herpes; severe pain were obvious, sit uneasy bullous skin can occur, blood blisters and even necrosis.
Complications of herpes zoster what?
Herpes zoster occurred in addition to typical clinical herpes zoster skin outside, and sometimes a lot of complications. Although the incidence of complications is not high, but symptoms are often severe and even lead to serious side effects.
1, herpes zoster meningoencephalitis: the virus directly from the spinal cord or nerve root before and after the violation of the central nervous所至up, expressed as headache, vomiting, convulsions, feeling or movement disorders
2, herpes zoster motor root of spinal cord paralysis: the virus before the violations of the root and spinal cord motor neurons, caused by the corresponding parts of muscle weakness or paralysis
3, herpes zoster ophthalmicus: the virus violation of the trigeminal nerve branch所至eyes, the elderly and immunocompromised are more common.
5, herpes zoster oticus: HIV violations and acoustic neuroma facial nerve所至, the performance of the external auditory canal or tympanic membrane for herpes, suffering from the side of paralysis, earache, tinnitus, deafness, dizziness, vomiting, nystagmus,舌前1 / 3 taste disappear nose and palate, such as blisters.
6, neuralgia: nerve-zoster virus and has a strong affinity, after the initial infection (chickenpox or clinical manifestations of occult infection), the virus penetrated the skin of the sensory nerve endings, and along the nerve fibers to the heart of mobile, lasting potential in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. So that ganglion inflammation, necrosis and the emergence of neuralgia. Herpes zoster neuralgia throughout the entire course of disease, and pain of varying lengths of time, age, the more intense the greater the pain, the pain longer postherpetic neuralgia higher incidence.

The treatment of arthritis:

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The condition of patients at different levels of development, the treatment of osteoarthritis, including drug treatment, adjuvant therapy and surgery. Surgical treatment for advanced disease has been developed to patients is, after all, a good treatment; for patients as early as the mid-term, general, drug therapy and adjuvant therapy in conjunction with other methods. The right to take active and effective means of treating disease as soon as possible, as soon as possible to control the disease.
Surgical treatment of osteoarthritis
Currently, osteoarthritis commonly used method of surgical treatment, including arthroscopic surgery, osteotomy, and artificial joint replacement.
Cartilage debris falling to the intra-articular form of loose bodies that we normally say "joint mice", to be used in arthroscopic surgery to remove. Arthroscopic surgery can be a good joint to identify and estimate the extent of the lesion on the articular cavity for irrigation and clean-up, can eliminate the intra-articular loose bodies, so that the activities of the capacity of patients with a certain degree of improvement.
Osteotomy is a variety of orthopedic joints to improve the balance of power lines. Tibial osteotomy is mainly used inside and outside the varus knee (that is, "O" or "X"-type legs) of the patients, through surgery to make the legs bent as much as possible returned to normal.
If the patients to severe stages of disease progression, severe loss of articular cartilage, joint space is too small, the loss of joint function, serious impact on daily life, by the conservative treatment fails, artificial joint replacement should be considered, mainly knee and hip replacement surgery. Through the joint replacement can be a better ability to resume joint activities to improve the quality of life of patients, but the artificial joint replacement surgery trauma larger, replacement of the life of artificial joints have a limit, and higher operation costs.
Adjuvant therapy of osteoarthritis
Adjuvant therapy is a joint disease in patients with early and mid-term when used with the drug treatment methods. Adjuvant therapy is usually we are talking about physical therapy and physical therapy, such as grilled electricity, massage, massage, acupuncture and other methods. Although the adjuvant treatment of osteoarthritis of the effect is not fundamental, but can be reduced in patients with localized discomfort, sedation of the patients, the role of relaxation and pain relief.
At the same time, the patient should be actively self-care, attention to diet, proper exercise, such as swimming, cycling and other sports. To avoid incorrect posture and movement of hazardous joints, such as mountain climbing, and so long伏案. The protection of joints, reducing the load, such as the use of knee pad in the knee, when sitting to stand up with support, etc.. At the event, to be used crutches, walking assist device, such as activities or walking.
Drug treatment of osteoarthritis
Treatment of disease under normal circumstances, the use of surgery in the past, drug treatment is more choice of doctors and patients a more effective treatment.
Of osteoarthritis, the therapeutic drug can be divided into two categories: non-specific drugs and specific drugs, that is, "symptomatic treatment" of drug and "therapeutic" drug. Many people may not know, "symptomatic treatment" and "therapeutic" the difference between these two concepts, we first take a look at their meaning: here the "symptomatic treatment" and said that the meaning we usually different, we usually say that only "the right medicine" to cure disease, "illness" is said to be a proper understanding of disease, what disease was on what drug; symptomatic treatment where the "Syndrome" refers to the surface of the disease symptoms, such as the teeth were borers have a bad toothache, toothache is a symptom.
"Symptomatic treatment" means to eliminate or improve the symptoms of disease, also known as the symptoms. Like a toothache pain medication used to relieve pain, stop toothache, that is, to eliminate the symptoms, but not to fill teeth, and pain will be over time. Using this treatment, then we usually describe the "symptoms without curing the disease."
Those who can address the reasons for the treatment of diseases called "a result of treatment", also known as root. Also examples of just a toothache, a good supplement to tooth decay, dental pain is not, and this is a result of treatment. Therefore, due to a more thorough treatment, the general not easy to relapse.
Non-specific drug treatment of osteoarthritis (symptomatic treatment)
Osteoarthritis of the non-specific drug therapy, which is symptomatic treatment, commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, they are commonly referred to as painkillers. Painkillers, as its name suggests, that is, with the role of pain, to ease the headache, muscle pain, including osteoarthritis associated with joint pain, these drugs are not specifically targeted for the treatment of osteoarthritis, so we have to the drug known as "symptomatic treatment "of drugs. Fast effect of these drugs for pain caused by a variety of reasons, the effect of pain is better, to ease osteoarthritis pain patients have a good effect. Metabolism of such drugs in the body faster, and once finished metabolism pain started immediately to maintain a very short time. Importantly, the pain control of the disease symptoms of the phenomenon of the surface, but the disease continues to cover up the essence of development.
There is also a symptomatic treatment - steroid-type drugs, such drugs must be carried out intra-articular injection, but also to achieve the purpose of rapid anti-inflammatory pain, but a year can not exceed 3 - 4 times, if the long-term use may aggravate the joint cartilage damage, as well as the symptoms of osteoarthritis.
Non-specific drug treatment of osteoarthritis, the disease can only temporarily alleviate symptoms, but not really the cause of osteoarthritis - the role of articular cartilage, it can not prevent the development of osteoarthritis patients.
Osteoarthritis Chinese medicine treatment:
Chinese medicine is an integral part of traditional medicine, breadth and depth, and has a long history, is China's national essence, thousands of years do not know how many incurable diseases cured, by the people has always been pride.
For the treatment of joint disease, many people also rely on Chinese medicine and massage, massage and Chinese medicine treatment. Massage joints is physiotherapy practices, as long as the medical institutions in the formal treatment, patients generally can rest assured.
Chinese medicine treatment for arthritis of the traditional theory that the "cold wind evil,痹阻meridians, resulting in channel access, non-general pain", it is based on traditional Chinese medicine in general Qufeng cold-dispelling, spasmolytic Tongluo, for the purpose of activating blood stasis.
Chinese medicine treatment of joint stiffness can relax the muscles, lifting the muscle cramps, clear the meridians can be achieved, reducing the role of pain.
Today's clinical emphasis on "evidence-based medicine", meaning that is to say, we reached a conclusion, we must have adequate basic medicine, clinical research findings to support this conclusion. If we say that a certain treatment or drug can be "a result of cure" osteoarthritis, it must be proved by evidence that such methods or that the drug can return to normal articular cartilage cells play a role in metabolism.
Chinese medicine has not yet been found to repair articular cartilage, or the role of articular chondrocytes. Physiological anatomy shows that articular cartilage is not blood vessels, often mentioned in Chinese medicine, "Blood stasis" theory can play a role on the articular cartilage, further studies have yet to be

How the formation of arthritis:

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Generated by the process of arthritis:
1. The health of joints, including strong bones, it is mainly essential minerals in the formation of collagen matrix. Joints of a capsule containing synovial fluid, which protects the ends of bones would not be adjacent to the impact of bone and cartilage, because synovial fluid lubricating the joints can be effective.
2. Joint fatigue and dietary imbalances could lead to, cartilage immersed in the acidic body fluids will be degradation of the lubricating effects of synovial fluid will deteriorate. At the same time, the loss of cartilage components exist in the cartilage and bone, causing bone became smooth and the end of the formation of spur (large protruding bones). Inflammation caused by joint movement will be restricted.
3.will result in the loss of a large number of calcium and calcium balance disorders will lead to calcium accumulation in soft tissues, causing muscle pain, arthritis in patients with air temperature end of the bone will be joint, combined.

Arthritis Category

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Arthritis refers to inflammation, infection, trauma or other factors of disease caused by arthritis is rheumatoid disease subjects. Its main characteristic is the joint swelling, heat, pain and dysfunction. Many diseases can cause arthritis diseases, following the more common in clinical.
Osteoarthritis
Also known as degenerative joint disease, osteoarthritis. Hyperosteogeny and is closely related to human aging, the majority of the elderly may be associated with Hyperosteogeny naturally susceptible to osteoarthritis. Clinical data show that 45 years of age osteoarthritis prevalence rate is only 2% of people over the age of 65 the prevalence rate as high as 68%. It seems the doctors, the elderly people are suffering from varying degrees of osteoarthritis.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
The disease usually small joints (finger joints, wrist, etc.) for pain, and the incidence was the symmetry of the joints. 80% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in 35 to 50 years old, but the elderly, the incidence of child care equally. Its etiology and genetic, infection, environment, immunization with the complex relationship, clinical cure was not complete and can only control the disease through drug therapy to maintain joint function.
Ankylosing Spondylitis
More performance for the spine, sacroiliac joint arthropathy, such as the central axis. Unclear etiology, is generally believed that genetic factors, environmental factors caused by the interaction. The disease mostly male, age more than 40 years ago, severe cases can lead to spinal and joint deformities and affect people's daily lives.
Reactive arthritis
Due to gastro-intestinal system, urinary system infection, such as joint inflammation triggered by lesions of the joints. Reduce infection rates, improve the immune system have a certain role in prevention and treatment.
Gouty arthritis
Due to urate crystal deposition caused by arthritis. Unilateral incidence for acute arthritis to a sudden leg swelling big toe, pain as the main symptoms around week course which will help to ease, but easy to relapse. Prevention is to change the eating habits of life, eating offal, seafood and other food-induced hyperuricemia.

Diabetes disease

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1, What is diabetic retinopathy?
Long-term blood sugar in diabetic patients as a result of increased metabolic disorder, caused by systemic microcirculation. Fundus easily damaged retinal blood vessels, which occurred in diabetic retinopathy (diabetic retinopathy, DR). Diabetic retinopathy is one of serious complications of diabetes, diabetes is also one of the main reasons caused by the blind.
Epidemiological survey showed that about 75% of non-importance of glycemic control in diabetic patients, 15 years occurred in the incidence of diabetic retinopathy. In diabetic patients, the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy, and more than 50%.
Diabetes pathological damage caused by the body due to high blood sugar on the micro-vascular damage, which allows retinal capillary endothelial cells and pericytes impaired, resulting in the loss of normal capillary barrier function, there is leakage, resulting in surrounding tissue edema, bleeding, followed by the occlusion of capillaries caused by retinal ischemia, a lack of blood supply and nutrition, resulting in tissue necrosis and neovascularization of the release of growth factors and thus generated new blood vessels, which will lead to a large number of retinal hemorrhage and vitreous hemorrhage in a large number of produce proliferative vitreoretinopathy. The greater age, longer duration, higher incidence of fundus. Than young people a greater risk of the elderly patients, often adverse prognosis. If control of diabetes mellitus can be timely, not only to occur in less damage to the retina at the same time lighter, otherwise progressive retinopathy, recurrent bleeding occurred, resulting in proliferative retinal changes, and even retinal detachment, or complicated cataract.
Diabetic retinopathy What performance?
Diabetic retinopathy is caused due to diabetes, with the exception of symptoms to more than drink, more food, more urine and urine, characterized by elevated blood sugar, there will also be bright red eyes appeared retinal capillary hemangioma, flame-shaped hemorrhage, the latter are off-white exudative, bright red neovascularization, vitreous prone to blood red as the main features of the fundus changes.
Does not affect the early eye macular lesions, the vision will not be affected, patients with no symptoms, and sometimes feel that patients with vision loss, or have a shadow before flying or fluttering. If the lesion development of 3-5 years or poor blood sugar control, can cause varying degrees of retinal hemorrhage, exudation, edema, hemangioma. Macular involvement, such as fundus, visual acuity may be decreased, the immediate shadow, the dark vision of the Center, the decline in visual acuity and visual symptoms such as metamorphopsia. Repeated if the retina into the vitreous hemorrhage, the patient has consciously eyes fluttering shadow. When the blood vessels or neovascularization massive bleeding into the vitreous cavity, will seriously affect the vision, even blindness.
Urine disease retinopathy should be about the prevention and control?
• blood glucose control in normal or near normal levels, while blood pressure control of 140/90 mmHg in the normal range.
• appropriate control diet, to strengthen the campaign to control blood sugar.
• early detection of vision and fundus, early treatment, to keep your vision to improve the quality of life.
2, diabetic neuropathy meet the related issues Baidu Encyclopedia "in diabetic neuropathy."

Diabetes treatment

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As early as 50 years ago, Chinese and foreign treatment programs are low-carb, high fat, high protein diet based. According to clinical practice has proved that such a diet for diabetic patients not beneficial to islet function, and high fat diet will increase the patient's vascular disease diabetes, high protein diet would be caused by the incidence of diabetic nephropathy increased. Medical experts are now advocating the volume of high-carbohydrate, lower-fat ratio of dietary protein intake control structure, to improve blood glucose tolerance have a better effect, the specific treatment methods are summarized as follows:
One diabetes treatment, the treatment of human immunodeficiency
On the beaches of the famous traditional Chinese medicine, "anti-cancer Pioneer Network" paper pointed out: through the body's immune chitosan special material to control the treatment of diabetes is recognized by the medical profession a good way! Chitosan in Japan, Europe and the United States, parts of mainland China and Hong Kong and Taiwan, that was the reputation of "human environmental agent," "Su-longevity", by the international and Chinese medicine as a profession are essential to human cases of the "Sixth elements of life. " Japan now control "diabetes" preferred to "chitosan."
"Diabetes" is a blood glucose of the disease easy to pile up too much. Do not foreign to it called the "silent killer" (Silent Killer), especially the "adult-type diabetes," the middle-aged over the age of 40染患rate is particularly high in Japan, over the age of 40 accounted for 10% of the population , that is, 10 people have a "diabetic" patients. Once suffering from "diabetes", will reduce life expectancy by as much as ten years, and the complications that may occur throughout the body.
The so-called "diabetic" complications in these complications, there is the highest rate of retinal disease, kidney disease and nerve barriers, known as "diabetes" and "the three major complications." These three complications in the "diabetic" patients within two decades after birth, and 80% of people will have to suffer from these diseases. Atherosclerosis as well as inside, because of excess blood glucose gradual corrosion of the body organs and their organizations consequences.
Once suffering from "diabetes," the trouble with the human body and to its, as weakened immune function, easily infected by the flu, pneumonia, tuberculosis caused by various infectious diseases, and difficult to cure. And can selectively destroy cells, phagocytic cells. Cancer cells will be greatly weakened defense function to enable the cancer cells active, aggregation, leading to trigger cancer.
Complications arising from such a wide range of diseases, in addition to "Diabetes" almost beyond rare. Because of complications, so some people say that once had "diabetes", minus the life of at least ten years.
As for the use of "chitosan" improved "Diabetes" presented 11 cases to the health of many patients hope. "Chitosan" in the "diabetic" patients demonstrated in the course of a crucial two objectives:
A drop in blood sugar level.
Second, to improve the complications arising from and in line with the gradual healing.
"Chitosan" help "diabetes" patients to achieve these two objectives by the following three aspects of the way to completion:
(A) through stimulation of the nervous system to achieve the release of oxygen. Polysaccharides in such large numbers to take the process of being absorbed into the human body, the first to reach the liver through the intestinal mucosa of portal venous system, strongly stimulate the liver to the vagus nerve, the nerve conduction to rely on a complete path through the hunger center, and then down, ultimately leading to occurrence of systemic parasympathetic excited. What is the parasympathetic state of excitement? Hungry people in all circumstances a sudden fever, shaking hands. This state is in the pathological tissue oxygen in the release of the performance, in a state of emergency to emergency food shortage in vivo, an oxygen activities. For "diabetes" people, to stimulate the vagus nerve, systemic parasympathetic excited, the release of oxygen, so bring two advantages:
(1) due to "diabetic" human metabolism the way a problem, the normal is broken down into carbohydrates into glucose, the aerobic decomposition of the body to supply the energy required to maintain the activities of our lives. And "diabetes" are often in a state of anaerobic digestion. Therefore, to help "diabetes" in patients with oxygen in the metabolic process is important. To improve the "diabetic" human metabolism way to convert to aerobic decomposition. Oxygen, especially in muscle cells of oxygen to oxygen release, because the higher the oxygen content of muscle cells.
(2) diabetes mellitus in the process of anaerobic glycolysis produce three types of material, one lactic acid, ketones Second, Third, free radicals, which cause "diabetes" person ketoacidosis. In the case of oxygen, so that in the formation of organic acids by the process of oxygen, making it too much to convert the carbonate to form carbonic acid, would be easily broken down into carbon dioxide and water, water use by cells, carbon dioxide, with the vein into the pulmonary circulation. Its metabolism is very simple, as far as possible, these two substances (lactic acid and ketones) to reduce the amount of produce, this is the role of tissue oxygen release.
(B) to correct acidosis. This acidosis is not a medical concept of the general acidosis, Japanese experts in the study of chitosan for "Diabetes" found in the course of the environmental problems of islet insulitis in the normal physiological environment, and its pH value (PH value) should be weak base (7.35-7.45) state, only in normal islet function, and "diabetes" is the cause of human insulin secretion less than absolute or relative lack of function caused by decreased glucose metabolism.
How to correct this acidosis? Eat something alkaline to acid and? Not. To play some of the blood too alkaline substances. Because the blood PH value of the regulation by heme, a lot of blood buffer chemistry right, in the body's internal environment, the extracellular pH change extremely difficult. So far, only "chitosan" The polysaccharides in the free state exists, its use in the absence of functional groups is still active into the surrounding islet effect that this kind of "chitosan" of material with two charges, it may occur the following situations: one is the direct combination of organic acids and, more so that the water molecules in body fluids changed, it claimed a positive charge, hydrogen ion concentration significantly enhanced into a basic change. Because it should be dissolved in acid, it is necessary to take away a hydrogen ion (R-NH2 + H + + OH), then use this method to improve the environment around the islet, to return to a state of weak base, thereby enhancing the insulin secretion, secretion more insulin, and glucose metabolism on the improved.
(C) of the β-cell injury repair. Of course it is impossible to entirely repair, but in general the "diabetic" people, not too much to reduce the cell, the cell is in a state of edema, if the cells are all dead, has become a full-insulin-dependent diabetes, it is extremely difficult.
Japan now control "diabetes" preferred to "chitosan." Shanghai, see more "anti-cancer Pioneer Network" of medical papers!
II diabetes treatment, diet from time to time quantitative
Based on age, sex, occupation, standard body weight [(length -100) × 0.9] is estimated that the total daily calories. Men than women daily calorie requirements by about 5% higher. Different sizes and age there are differences in the caloric needs, the general needs of every calorie kcal kg body weight for young people> middle-aged> elderly>, the average of the high 5% ~ 10% per kg body weight / day. The daily consumption of different physical energy are also different. Light manual workers per kilogram body weight daily calorie consumption 30 ~ 35kcal; Medium manual consumption per kilogram of body weight every day 35 ~ 40kcal heat; heavy manual workers required per kilogram of body weight per day for more than 40kcal heat. In general, pregnant women, nursing mothers, malnutrition and wasting disease shall, as appropriate, increase in obesity reduce it to patients to maintain normal body weight about 5% of body weight, can often be satisfied with the control condition.
Third, diabetes treatment, reasonable adjustments to the ratio of the three major nutrients
Dietary sugar, fat and protein percentage of the three major nutrients, it is necessary to make reasonable arrangements and adjustments. Not only to achieve the purpose of treating disease, but also to meet the body's physiological needs. At present, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) advocates: carbohydrate diet diabetic patients should be accounted for 55% of total calories to 60%; protein intake per day should not exceed 15% of total calories. Daily per kilogram of body weight to 0.8 ~ 1.2g appropriate. Developmental stages of young people and pregnant women, nursing mothers or special-employed persons and other complications to the patient may酌加around 1.5g; daily total fat intake should not exceed 30% of total calories to 0.6 kg body weight per day ~ 1g as well, such as obese patients, particularly high blood lipids or atherosclerosis, the fat intake should be adjusted depending on the specific situation.
Fourth, diabetes treatment, diet calorie calculation and the calculation of heat supply of the body there are three kinds of nutrients: protein, fat, carbohydrates. One per gram of carbohydrate and protein for energy 4kcal (1kcal = 4.184kj), heat per gram of fat can 9kcal (37.74kj). Diabetic patients, according to its labor intensity may be needed per person per day total calories (kcal) in accordance with the 69% carbohydrate, 15% protein, fat percentage of 25% of the total distribution, calculated the energy supply of the various components, and then heat production per gram of fat 9kcal, per gram of carbohydrate and protein 4 kcal heat production of the conversion of the supply of nutrients patients need different weight may be three meals a day or four meals. Heat distribution for three meals a day breakfast 15, lunch and dinner all 25. Energy distribution of the four meals for breakfast, 17, and the remaining three of the 27. For example: a middle-weight 60kg manual, the normal size of adult diabetes patients, according to the daily per kilogram of body weight 40kcal heat calculation, the total calories for the day 2400kcal, according to the proportion of the distribution of more than calories from carbohydrates 1440kcal that, 360kcal of heat to Since the protein, 600kcal from fat. Provide the heat required to supply 360g carbohydrate, 90g protein, 66g fat. We emphasize calorie control through diet methods are not asking for diabetic patients must be mechanically every day to calculate, but should grasp the calculation method in every weight from time to time or when a relatively large change in a calculation and worked out the next phase of diet programs, and the deprivation of sweets, greasy foods, eating only the principle of choice but to seek diversity.
Five diabetes: exercise therapy
Movement therapy is based on the function of patients and disease characteristics, the use of physical exercise to prevent disease and enhance the body resistance to help patients overcome the disease, an effective way to restore health. Movement to the physical benefits of the training listed in the following law specifically addressed. In the treatment of diabetes, exercise therapy is an important component of, especially for elderly patients, obese patients is even more important.

Diabetes classification

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Sub-type 1 diabetes mellitus (type 1 diabetes) and type 2 diabetes (type 2 diabetes) and gestational diabetes (gestational diabetes). Type 1 diabetes which occur in young people, their lack of insulin secretion, and must rely on insulin treatment to sustain life. Was particularly prevalent in type 2 diabetes after 30 years of age, the elderly, their insulin secretion is not low even the high side, the main cause is the body is not sensitive to insulin (ie insulin resistance). Gestational diabetes (gestational diabetes) is derived from cells of the insulin resistance, but the insulin resistance in pregnant women because of hormone secretion (hormones) caused by. Gestational Diabetes is usually self-healing after childbirth.
Insulin is secreted in human pancreatic β cells of the body only hypoglycemic hormone. Insulin resistance refers to the tissues around the body less sensitive to insulin, organization is not sensitive to insulin, peripheral organizations, such as muscle, fat, glucose uptake of insulin to promote the role of resistance occurred.
The study found the prevalence of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, accounting for almost 90%, type 2 diabetes may be one of the main factors of morbidity.
Patients with type 1 diabetes in the 5 years after diagnosis of chronic complications rarely occur, on the contrary,
In patients with type 2 diabetes have been diagnosed before the occurrence of chronic complications. According to statistics, 50% of newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes has been in existence for one or more of the chronic complications, some patients because of complications with diabetes found.
Therefore, the diabetes drug therapy should be for their causes, focus on improving insulin resistance, and pancreatic β-cell function must be selected to improve the insulin resistance of the drug. More drug is insulin sensitizer, so diabetic patients an effective and timely treatment of the root to prevent the occurrence of chronic complications of diabetes and development.
Insulin sensitizer can increase the body's own insulin sensitivity of insulin to make their own "resurrection" and give full play to the role, this would enable the glucose to the body re-uptake by tissue cells and the use of, so that decline in blood glucose to long-term stability blood glucose control and comprehensive purpose, so that the body can enjoy their own long-term insulin secretion.
Diabetes treatment must be based on diet control, exercise therapy for the premise. Diabetics should avoid sugar and sugary foods, reduce the consumption of high fat and high cholesterol food, moderate consumption of high fiber and starch food, eating to. Choice movement should be carried out under the guidance of doctors should be done as far as possible, the whole body movement, including walking and jogging and so on. On this basis the application of the appropriate type of insulin sensitizer drugs, rather than excessive use of drugs to stimulate insulin secretion in order to achieve long-term effective control of blood sugar purposes.

What is the relationship between diabetes and high blood pressure

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Hypertension and diabetes mellitus the relationship between the
Clinically, in particular, many hypertensive patients with diabetes is often accompanied by obesity, and diabetes is also associated with higher blood pressure, known as homologous, therefore the two diseases. The reason is as follows:
Hypertension and diabetes may be the existence of common genetic factors; diabetic patients with vascular boost the role of the angiotensin-sensitive; diabetes easily cause kidney damage, kidney damage will take high blood pressure. In addition, because of hyperglycemia in diabetes, increased blood viscosity, vascular wall damage, increased vascular resistance and easy to cause high blood pressure.
From this high blood pressure and diabetes are related to high blood cholesterol, so prevention and treatment of hypertension and diabetes should also hypolipidemic. Patients understand the reason, the contrast the differences between similar products of advantages. Currently, there are lower blood pressure to buy drugs, hypoglycemic agents are single-function, and most of hypolipidemic drugs on liver damage have a certain role.

laser hair removal

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Fruit would like to once and for all, to the effect of permanent hair removal, you must find a professional to deal with a physician. At present, the most popular means of a new hair removal laser hair removal. Surgery compared with electrolysis, laser hair removal can be relatively painless way to achieve the effect of semi-permanent hair removal, but have to go through treatment several times. More commonly used for laser hair removal system includes a Rubidium - Jacob laser, ruby laser or intense pulsed light. However, whether or laser hair removal electrolysis hair removal charges are not cheap. Therefore in the choice of hair removal methods, you may want to consider hair removal location and size.
To achieve permanent hair removal hair removal, only electro-acupuncture, but this method can only remove a small portion of hair, skin will be charred and the side effects of injuries. The ideal method of hair removal should be quick, permanent, no side effects, one can remove a large area of hair, etc., and laser hair removal is with these qualities.
Laser hair removal is often used to include the long-pulsed ruby laser, long-pulsed laser Alexander, long-pulsed diode laser, long-pulsed Nd-YAG laser and pulsed light and so on. Laser hair removal will only damage as a result of growth of the hair follicle cells, and the degradation of the telogen phase of hair follicles has not completely destroyed, it will be part of hair follicle regeneration. Laser hair removal is therefore subject to three or four treatments to achieve permanent hair removal, treatment of each interval to be one and a half to two months.
As for the so-called permanent hair removal, according to the definition of fda hair means more than a growth cycle of hair growth can no longer remain as a permanent hair removal, hair follicle growth cycle of hair due to different sites, such as beard growth cycle of about four months, the long hair back to a year. According to different parts of the hair can determine the time of postoperative observation, more than the observation time does not grow hair, permanent hair removal can be called.
Laser hair removal in general have very few side effects, but the Asian table have more melanin in the cortex, the absorption of laser damage may be caused epidermal pigmentation, laser machine, therefore the choice of species and energy are very important. To find an experienced doctor to do the treatment, but also to avoid side effects.
Photon Hair Removal
Features
1. Unhairing pain.
2. The number of many, I腋毛touch off until after 8. Can not get 3-5 times, I asked many people are making, they must be lump sum.
3. Have the effect, but a lot off after the pores, but not much to see.
4.腋毛Wuhan 600 off lump sum, leg 2000, leg 3000, arm 1500 (this is my different hospitals in Wuhan City to find the lowest price)
5. Lip beard and hair off at least 12 times, I saw other people did, and very painful.
6. As long as you are affected by the energy and be safe.
7. Summer is best not to do so, increase the pain on the pain!
8. Permanent hair removal

laser hair removal

glucosamine

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Gluconate can also eat products --
Gluconic acid series products are food, medicine and other industries use a wide range of products, in the body plays an important role in metabolism, the USP calcium gluconate injection containing tablets, glucose, potassium, iron gluconate and American mass production. In the food processing industry is well developed in Japan, food additives certificate clearly documented gluconate, gluconic acid-δ-lactone, zinc gluconate, calcium gluconate, ferrous gluconate, copper gluconate can be used as food additive to glucose deep processing of raw materials, in addition to the crystallization of glucose can produce acid, gluconic acid-δ-lactone, but also to create a variety of salts, such as potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper and so on. These are all essential trace elements in the human body, human lack of them, the disease can occur, such as would be caused by iron deficiency anemia, because iron is hemoglobin and myoglobin part of the organizations involved in oxidation and transport of carbon dioxide, ferrous sulfate treatment of anemia over the past , although the human body can absorb, but to stimulate the stomach, raises a number of adverse reactions, it is to use ferrous gluconate, the GI had no significant response, the effect of good iron, in the light of this situation, the state, with the gluconic acid potassium, sodium, calcium, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, etc., as enhancer and medicinal human nutrition supplements, have a very good therapeutic effect. Long-term, scientific and rational use of the improvement of physical quality of a nation is self-evident, according to Japanese statistics, Japan's young people after World War II, an increase of the average height of 14.8cm, which is in the food, pharmaceutical manufacturers scientific and rational in the use of gluconic acid trace elements are inseparable. In our country, well-known injection of calcium gluconate, zinc gluconate tablets and oral solution have important physiological function, treatment capabilities, "Calcium-energy", "Oral iron" is a hot country full verification.
Adverse reactions and their attention is as follows:
(1) intravenous injection of hypertonic glucose solution whether or not they should pay attention to vascular leakage, so as to avoid phlebitis, in the same position for injection of 5% -10% concentration of liquid at the same complications may also occur.
(2) the treatment of cerebral edema, when the use of hypertonic solution such as a sudden stop, and high rebound phenomenon resulting in the recurrence of cerebral edema, it can not be stopped suddenly, but slowly reduce until the Disable.
(3) subcutaneous injection should not do to avoid skin necrosis.
(4) intracranial hemorrhage, or spinal cord, as well as membrane dehydration delirium when patients are prohibiting the use of hypertonic glucose injection to avoid accidents.
Glucose verify: aldehyde authentication
1. Glucose solution with the new generation of cupric hydroxide liquid reaction muddy sediments brick red
CH2OH (CHOH) 4CHO +2 Cu (OH) 2 --- heating → CH2OH (CHOH) 4COOH + Cu2O ↓ +2 H2O
2. Glucose solution and the reaction of ammonia solution silver silver mirror reaction
CH2OH (CHOH) 4CHO +2 Ag (NH3) 2OH (water heating) → CH2OH (CHOH) 4COONH4 +2 Ag ↓ +3 NH3 + H2O
CAS No.: 50-99-7
Although the glucose molecules containing aldehyde, d-glucose but not containing aldehyde.
Glucose
Glucose
The most common of six carbon monosaccharide, also known as dextrose. Or a combination of free form, widespread in the biosphere. Grapes, figs and honey and other sweet fruit, the more free glucose. Normal plasma glucose level of 3.89 ~ 6.11mmol / L, the general non-free urine glucose, urine in patients with diabetes more content. Free of blood or urine glucose measurement, routine clinical examination of a project. Combination of glucose mainly in glycogen, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose and other polysaccharides; some oligosaccharides, such as: maltose, sucrose, lactose, and various forms of glycosides also contain glucose.
Natural glucose, either free or combined, are D configuration, in aqueous solution mainly oxygenated pyran ring-type configuration exists for the α and β configuration of the value of two-state mixture.
At room temperature conditions, can be β-D-glucose hydrate (including a water molecule) forms from the supersaturated aqueous solution of crystal precipitation, melting point of 80 ℃; and in between 50 ~ 115 ℃ was no precipitation of crystals water-α-D-glucose, melting point 146 ℃; 115 ℃ for more than the form of precipitation, compared with the stability of β-D-glucose, a melting point of 148 ~ 150 ℃. Furan ring forms of glucose combined with state of the existence of only a small number of natural compounds. [α-D-glucose (D-]-D-glucose (D-"class = image> [type) [] = +113, solution balance of +52.2 D-glucose]] = +113, solution balance of +52.2 D-glucose "class = image> [(straight chain) β-D-glucose (D-type) [β] = +19, solution] = +19, the solution" class = image > [balance of +52.2] "class = image>
D-glucose with the general chemical properties of aldose: the role of the oxidant, the generation of gluconic acid, glucose acid or glucuronic acid; in the role of reducing agent to produce sorbitol; role in the weak base, the glucose can be with another two structure similar to the six-carbon sugar and fructose ─ ─ ─ ─ mannose enol between each other through the transformation. Glucose can also be combined with phenylhydrazine to produce glucose脎, which is the melting point in the crystal shape and are different from other脎sugar, glucose can be used as a means of identification.
The majority of biological systems with biodegradable enzymes D-glucose to obtain energy capacity. In living cells, such as mammalian muscle cells or single cells of yeast cells, glucose has been carried out for non-aerobic glycolysis of the way of the TCA cycle and aerobic bio-oxidation process generates carbon dioxide and water, releasing more and more energy to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to the form of storage for the growth, sports activities and other life needs. In the case of oxygen, glucose is broken down only to generate lactic acid or ethanol, the release of a much less energy; wine is the process of anaerobic decomposition. Industries, using acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of starch glucose system can be used to do a food, liquor, pharmaceutical raw materials such as industrial production.

bulimia

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Bulimia Increases Risk of Miscarriage, Premature Delivery

By Elizabeth Tracey MS
WebMD Medical News Reviewed By Pamela Yoder, MD, PhD, FACOG
July 11, 2000 -- Women with bulimia nervosa are at higher risk for complications if they become pregnant, a study presented last week at the Royal College of Psychiatrists meeting in Edinburgh, Scotland, reveals. But pregnancy actually may be a good time to treat the eating disorder, experts say.

Bulimia typically involves cycles of binge eating and vomiting, laxative use, and/or excessive exercise.

"Women with active bulimia have higher rates of miscarriage and premature delivery than women who have had bulimia in the past, but aren't currently experiencing symptoms," John Morgan, MD, tells WebMD. "Since bulimia is the most common eating disorder, affecting roughly one in 20 women, this is a problem obstetricians and women themselves need to be more aware of." Morgan, the study's lead researcher, is a psychiatrist at St. George's Hospital Medical School in London.

However, there is a silver lining to the cloud of potential complications. "Previous research of ours suggests that by the third trimester of pregnancy, almost all women are virtually binge-free, so pregnancy is a window of opportunity to engage bulimic women in treatment," Morgan says. "Most women with bulimia will talk about their disorder with a health provider if they're asked the right questions, and they respond very well to treatment once they are identified."

Debra Franko, PhD, program director of the Eating Disorders Center at Harvard Medical School, concurs. "My clinical experience is that most women with bulimia shift their focus from themselves to their baby, and start engaging in healthier eating habits as a result," she tells WebMD. "However, afterward they may experience additional problems, so this may be a time to be very vigilant."

The study used a questionnaire to ask nearly 125 women who had active bulimia during their first pregnancy about their experience. The same questionnaire was administered to more than 80 women who had had bulimia in the past, but were not experiencing symptoms during their first pregnancy.

In addition to miscarriage and early delivery, women with active bulimia also appear to be at higher risk for developing diabetes during pregnancy and experiencing postpartum depression. More birth defects also were seen in the group with active symptoms.

"If women know they have bulimia, they should be told that their pregnancy is much more likely to be successful if they are not experiencing symptoms during it," says Mark Blais, PhD, assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. "Their obstetrician should be asking questions about weight loss or fluctuation during pregnancy as well."

Vital Information:

Bulimia nervosa is the most common eating disorder, characterized by cycles of binge eating and vomiting, laxative use, and/or excessive exercise.
In a new study, pregnant women who currently are experiencing symptoms of bulimia are more likely to have complications, including miscarriage, early delivery, diabetes, and postpartum depression, compared to those who had bulimia in the past.
Women with bulimia often begin healthier eating habits when they become pregnant, says one expert, because they shift their focus to their baby, so pregnancy is a good opportunity to treat these women.

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New strategies may help overcome food allergies

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Charles Jones describes his 6-year-old son's peanut allergy as "sort of a black cloud everywhere we go." Watson Jones' family never knows where peanut particles might lurk. In the scooper at the ice cream parlor? In the pesto at the pizzeria? On the monkey bars at the playground?
Watson is one of an estimated 4% of Americans — 3 million of them children — who are allergic to foods ranging from shellfish to nuts. Even a trace could trigger a lethal reaction.

STUDY: Food allergies on the rise in kids

"All other allergies have lots of treatments," says Anne Munoz-Furlong, founder of the Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network. "With food allergy, we have nothing: Avoid the food, take epinephrine (adrenaline shots to counteract anaphylaxis, a deadly reaction) and get to the hospital."

Accidental exposures to food allergens are common. Each year, they lead to 50,000 emergency room visits and cause at least 150 deaths in the USA, Munoz-Furlong's non-profit says. Most children outgrow milk, egg, wheat and soy allergies, but allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, fish and shellfish often are lifelong.

But now, several new potential treatments are moving from laboratory and animal testing and into clinical trials, giving patients and their families hope that they someday may subdue or even conquer food allergies.

"This is the first time that we have a number of studies going on at the same time," Munoz-Furlong says. "This is huge for the food allergy community. We finally can say that probably in 10 years, the landscape will look very different than it does now."

Scientists' primary goal is to build patients' tolerance so they won't have a life-threatening reaction. Researchers hope to persuade patients' immune systems that peanuts and other food allergens aren't serious threats.

Early results in tests on humans look promising for three experimental treatments:

•Oral immunotherapy. Under close supervision by health care professionals, patients swallow tiny but gradually increasing amounts of the foods that trigger their allergies, with the idea of building immunity. This method is being tested for peanut, egg and milk allergies.

•Sublingual therapy. Drops containing proteins that trigger allergies are put under the tongue, where they are absorbed into the bloodstream. This method is being tested for various food allergies.

•Food allergy herbal formula-2. Known as FAHF-2, this pill (not available in stores) is based on a 2,000-year-old Chinese remedy. It contains nine botanicals, including ginseng and oil made from cinnamon tree bark. It is being tested for peanut, tree nut, fish and shellfish allergies.

Building tolerance can take a year or more, and parents with children in the studies must drive them to a research center every other week. For a few, the round trip is hundreds of miles — a small price, in parents' eyes.

"They will do anything humanly possible" to overcome their children's food allergies, says Stacie Jones (no relation to Charles Jones), an Arkansas Children's Hospital allergy specialist who helps lead several trials. "It is a testament to their commitment."

Anxious kids and parents

Enrolling in clinical trials of food allergy treatments takes not only a long-term commitment but also a leap of faith. To see whether a treatment is working, scientists perform skin tests and blood tests that measure levels of antibodies produced against a specific food. But the best way to test a treatment is to give patients the foods to which they're allergic and see what happens.

"We have raised these kids saying, 'Do not ever under any circumstances let anybody give you this,' " Stacie Jones says. "Every now and then, we will have an anxious kid."

Or parent.

"The first day was horribly scary," says Melissa Bernard of Roanoke, Va. Her son, Justin, participated in a peanut oral immunotherapy study by Wesley Burks at Duke University in Durham, N.C., and Jones in Little Rock.

The Bernards discovered Justin's peanut allergy when, at 15 months, he bit into his mother's peanut butter and jelly sandwich and broke out in hives. He's also allergic to eggs.

"Our local allergist told us he may outgrow his egg allergy, but he's never going to outgrow his peanut allergy, so we'd better learn to live with it," Bernard says.

That wasn't good enough for her. She worried about Justin's safety when he entered school, surrounded by kindergartners eating peanut butter and jelly sandwiches or munching peanut-laced goodies at parties.

"I just got on the Internet one night and started putting in 'peanut allergy cure,' 'peanut allergy research,' " Bernard says. She came across a mention of Burks' study and e-mailed him.

"I'm not a risk-taker. I certainly don't take risks with my children," she says. Burks' premise "just made sense to us." Besides, "really, there was nothing else."

Justin entered the study at Duke in 2005, at age 2. The first day, he broke out in hives and struggled to breathe after swallowing less than one-tenth of the protein in a peanut kernel.

"All during this time, they're drawing up the epinephrine to give him. To us, it seemed forever," Bernard says.

She remembers thinking, "Oh my goodness. What have I done to him?" But the next day, the scientists gave Justin a pinch of peanut flour just under his allergy threshold, and he was fine.

Every other week for seven months, Bernard made the three-hour drive from Roanoke to Duke so researchers could monitor Justin's reaction to ever-increasing doses of peanut flour.

They then reduced their trips to once every four months. Researchers kept checking Justin's blood levels of immunoglobulin E, or IgE, antibodies to peanuts. People who aren't allergic don't have any. The decline in Justin's levels signaled that his immune system was beginning to regard peanuts as friend, not foe.

In January 2008, Duke scientists decided Justin was ready for his second challenge: a PB&J sandwich. If he had no reaction, he could end treatment.

"It was nerve-racking," Bernard says. "I had to walk out of the room. Here's the thing we kept him from for so long. It was kind of like giving your child poison and watching him."

Not surprisingly, Justin wasn't thrilled about it, either. The teary 5-year-old agreed to eat a sandwich only after his dad, Randy Bernard, did. Justin ate the whole thing — and nothing happened.

"He was proud of himself," says Melissa Bernard, who rewarded Justin with his first plain M&Ms (made in the same plant as peanut M&Ms, even they can trigger reactions). Justin is now enrolled in an oral immunotherapy trial for his egg allergy. For now, treated patients such as Justin must eat the equivalent of at least six peanut kernels a day to maintain their tolerance.

"He's not crazy about it," Bernard says. "He would not voluntarily eat a PB&J sandwich." Justin prefers his peanut butter with chocolate or between crackers. His mom recently bought a case of Reese's peanut butter eggs, each of which contain Justin's daily dose of peanut protein.

Says Bernard: "If I could file Reese's under my medical insurance, that would be real nice."

Justin participated in a study in which everyone got peanut flour. Now Burks and Stacie Jones are conducting a placebo-controlled randomized trial, considered the gold standard for assessing medical therapies. (Without a placebo comparison group, they can't be certain their subjects didn't simply outgrow their allergies.)

Half the participants were assigned to get peanut flour; the other half, oat flour. In this "blinded" study, neither the scientists nor the subjects know who's getting which flour.

After a year of treatment, all are being challenged with tiny, escalating doses of both flours. Because no one knows who got which treatment, all participants have an intravenous line in place in case they quickly need fluids or medication.

"We're prepared as best we can and watch them real close," says nurse practitioner Pam Steele, who works with the Duke researchers. Those who had been on the oat flour have a reaction to peanut flour much sooner than the others, unblinding the study. Then, those who had been swallowing oat flour can switch to peanut flour.

Watson Jones entered the study last Memorial Day, so his family doesn't yet know whether he has been getting oat or peanut flour. On Monday, the Duke researchers will increase Watson's dose for the final time. If he's in the peanut flour group, it will be the equivalent of 14 or 15 peanut kernels. Four weeks later, Watson will return for a food challenge, after which he'll learn which group he's in.

"Both my wife and I are foodies," says dad Charles Jones, a freelance videographer who dreams of traveling to Asia and not having to worry about whether dishes from local market stalls contain peanuts. "I'd love to share that with him, and I'd love to do it when he's still a kid, not in high school."

Betsy Talbot wants to rid her son, Bo, 7, of his peanut allergy so bad that last year she drove 26,000 miles so he could participate in the randomized trial of oral immunotherapy in Little Rock, 400 miles from the family's home near New Orleans.

"If I have a chance for my son to be able to eat birthday cake or go out to dinner, I'll do it," says Talbot, who writes a blog called Ask About My Peanut Allergy.

At the end of Bo's stint in the trial last June, the Talbots learned he had been getting oat flour. Talbot is sanguine about it. "I knew from the onset it was a possibility," she says, figuring Bo's participation will help "all the other kids out there that have this."

She's continued to drive Bo to Little Rock every other week, this time for the peanut flour treatment. He's now consuming a daily dose of peanut flour equivalent to 15 peanuts. On May 4, he'll be "converted" from peanut flour to real food containing peanuts.

And how are the Talbots — whose restaurant choices have been limited to a few fast-food chains — going to celebrate when school's out in June? They're going to Disneyland.

Under-the-tongue therapy

A slightly different approach to treating food allergies, being tested in two different trials, involves sublingual — or beneath the tongue — immunotherapy.

The treatment uses proteins that trigger food allergies, just as allergy shots use proteins that trigger inhaled allergies. Scientists tested food allergy shots in the early 1990s, Burks says. They worked for some but caused serious reactions in others.

Duke and Arkansas Children's are part of a network of five research centers enrolling patients in a trial of sublingual immunotherapy for peanut allergy. Duke and Baltimore's Johns Hopkins University also are testing the treatment for milk allergy.

Ear, nose and throat resident Kevin Lollar is leading a trial of sublingual immunotherapy for food allergies at the University of Missouri. Not approved in the USA, the treatment has been used for more than a decade in Europe for inhaled allergies and "shown to be much safer than shots," Lollar says.

He explains: Immunotherapies taken by mouth are more gradually absorbed than traditional allergy shots, greatly lowering the risk of a deadly reaction.

Unlike the other experimental therapies, food allergy herbal formula-2, or FAFH-2, does not contain food allergens. It's a modified combination of botanicals found in an ancient Chinese remedy, says pediatrician Xiu-Min Li, who's leading a government-funded trial at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York.

Li's lab developed FAFH-2 after a decade of testing Chinese herbs for anti-allergy properties. In mice allergic to peanuts, "this formula can produce a very long protection, although not a cure, yet," Li says. She is now studying FAFH-2 in 18 patients and plans to conduct a trial in 60.

Safe and effective treatments will come none too soon for allergy patients and their families.

"With most parents, when your child says they don't feel well, you are calm and you say, 'Tell me how you feel,' " Munoz-Furlong says.

But if your child has a food allergy, she says, "your heart stops. That's an awful way to live."

bipolar disorder

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Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) ,which was developed by Marsha Linehan, PhD, at the University of Washington, is a type of psychotherapy (sometimes called "talking therapy") for borderline personality disorder (BPD). It is now also used widely in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
DBT is a cognitive behavioral therapy, meaning it is a therapy that focuses on the role of cognition (e.g., thoughts and beliefs) and behaviors (e.g., actions) in the development and the treatment of these disorders. DBT includes some changes to the traditional cognitive behavioral elements of therapy in order to help specifically reduce symptoms.

Jean, also known as Tempest, is a Moderator is our Forums. She gives special focus to coping skills through DBT Skills Training. In the mission for this folder, Tempest notes that people with mental illness often feel controlled by their illness; coping techniques put the reins back in the hands of the person.

She shares, “I have four years of training in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), and during that time I developed and determined skills to prevent episodes and skills for mania, depression, and psychosis. I found using those skills minimized my symptoms.”

What are the most common allergens?

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Mold is common where water tends to collect, such as shower curtains, window moldings and damp basements. It can also be found on rotting logs, hay, mulches, commercial peat moss, compost piles and leaf litter. This allergy is usually worse during humid and rainy weather.
Animal dander is made up of bits of skin and hair from pets. Both are allergens. You can be exposed to dander when handling an animal or from house dust that contains dander.

Dust contains allergens, including dust mites. Dust mites are tiny living creatures found in bedding, mattresses, carpets and furniture. They like places where it's warm and humid. They live on dead skin cells and other things found in house dust.

Common allergens in the air are pollen, mold, animal dander and dust. Many other things, such as those listed in the box above, can make your allergy symptoms worse.

Pollen comes from trees, grass and weeds. Allergies that occur in the spring (late April and May) are often due to tree pollen. Allergies that occur in the summer (late May to mid-July) are often due to grass and weed pollen. Allergies that occur in the fall (late August to the first frost) are often due to weed pollen.

Pollen from flowers usually doesn't cause problems in people with allergies because the pollen is too heavy to float in the air. These plants rely on insects to carry their pollen.

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